The ECW/TBW may be an indicator for predicting therapeutic durability in advanced lung cancer and is a useful indicator for nutritional assessment. In cases of healthy people, the extracellular water (ECW) to total body water (TBW) ratio (ECW/TBW) can be maintained at a constant value (0.38). Studies have demonstrated that TBW and ICW are strongly correlated with muscle mass in elderly people, and those with higher ICW had a better functional performance and a lower frailty risk. Studies have shown that body composition is associated with health. Some studies exploring TBW among adults in free-living conditions have demonstrated that TBW varies due to differences in age, gender, and country, with TBW ranging from 38 to 46 L in males and 26 to 33 L in females. Moreover, the osmotic balance of ICW and ECW depends on the diffusion of water inside and outside the cell. In normal conditions, water homeostasis is kept relatively stable through osmotic pressure, due to the osmotic balancing action of solutes in ICW and ECW. The output of water is mainly from urine, which is mediated by vasopressin secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, participating in the collecting duct to promote free-water reabsorption at the nephron. Thirst stimulation drives people to increase fluid consumption in order to increase TBW. It has been shown that the main fluid regulatory process of total water intake (TWI) in humans is drinking, mediated through the sensation of thirst. Approximately 250–350 mL/day of water is from the metabolism of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, representing about 5–10% of human water intake. The water intake of humans is mainly from drinking fluids, water from food, and metabolic water. Therefore, water is essential for every process in the human body. ICW is the main determinant of cell volume, and ECW includes plasma, interstitial fluid, and other transcellular fluids. The body’s water content consists of intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW), which represent about 2/3 and 1/3 of total body water (TBW), respectively. The input and output of water is in a dynamic balance among healthy adults, which is maintained at about 2500 mL/d. As we age, the proportion of water in our bodies decreases, from 75% of our body weight as infants, to 60% in children, and 55% in the elderly. For humans, water is the main component of the body and is essential for cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, water is a biomarker of changes in the cellular environment in live animals. Water was of vital importance for the development of life on Earth. After water restriction for 36 h, the optimum volume of water to improve body composition among young male adults was 1000 mL, but this was not the case for females. Water replenishment improved the water content of body composition, alleviating the adverse effects of water restriction on ICW and TBW. Water restriction had adverse effects on body composition, and females were more susceptible to water restriction than males. In the rehydration test, significant differences in body composition were found between males and females among the four groups (all p < 0.05). Compared with the baseline test, during the dehydration test, the intracellular water to total body water ratio (ICW/TBW) increased and extracellular water (ECW), ECW/TBW (extracellular water to total body water ratio), and TBW decreased (all p 0.05). After 90 min, the same measurements were performed as a rehydration test. Then, participants were randomly assigned into four groups: three water replenishment groups (WR groups 1, 2, and 3 given 1000, 500, and 200 mL of purified water, respectively) and one non-replenishment group (NR group, with no water). At 8:00 AM of day 3, the same indices were determined as a dehydration test. Participants were then subjected to water restriction for 24 h, and three meals with ≤75% water content were provided. of day 2, a baseline test, including anthropometric indices and collection of urine and blood samples, was explored. After fasting overnight for 12 h, at 8:00 a.m. A total of 76 young adults aged 18–23 years old (40 males and 36 females) in Baoding, China, were recruited in this randomized controlled trial, with a 100% completion rate. The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of water restriction and replenishment on body composition and to evaluate the optimum amount of water that improves body composition. Insufficient water intake may affect body composition.
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